Jesus Has Risen!

As someone that grew up in a Godless home I considered myself an atheist. There were several reasons for the appeal of being an atheist. One reason is that I lived in "my" own world and only "I" could rule the world in which I lived in. I could do whatever I wanted to do! I fully gave my life to Christ at the age of 19 after marrying my wife (of twenty years now) and only after her parents begged us to go to a revival that their church was having. As much as I loved the Lord and this new life that I was given, otherwise I probably wouldn't be alive today, I couldn't do enough research on the Bible or this Person Jesus. I went as far as taking online Bible courses to obtain an associates degree in Biblical Studies way before I felt the call into ministry. I just couldn't do enough research and study to learn more about this. I think this is normal for someone who was never exposed to the Christian faith. I am very cautious in telling people this part of my life however, I do express this with almost every atheist that I encounter. Why? Because I can find common ground and I know where they stand. In the almost twenty years that I have been a Christian I have had a lot of conversations with atheist and defended the faith. I love discussing the Bible with atheist and in many cases atheist know the Bible as much as we (Christians) know it, but there is no other topic that I love discussing more than the Person of Jesus Christ of Nazareth. He is the central theme of the Bible and without Him the Christian faith is meaningless.
Atheist will even say that Jesus was a great moral teacher as C.S Lewis said. Lewis also went on to say that we must make a choice about Him (Jesus). We either must believe what Jesus claims or disbelieve all of it. Christians get their morals from the Bible where as atheist believe that morals are relative. What is right for you may not be right for me. This is not the case in the Bible. The Truth stated in the Bible, even what it says about morals, are not relative. The Truth we read in the Bible (all of the Bible) must be believed as Truth as God intended. If the Truth about morals is true and if all other claims in the Bible is already known as truth then we must believe the truths of Jesus Christ. Not only can the claims of Jesus be believed in because "The Bible says it so, it must be so." Historical facts can also back up those Truths.
Historians have an abundance of information about the Romans, their lives, culture, and most importantly in this discussion their methods of execution; crucifixion. Crucifixion is known as one of the worse kind of execution. Crucifixion is the method in which Jesus was executed. The Bible says that Roman guards led Jesus to his place of execution, with the help of an innocent by-stander because He was beaten severely. Groothius says, "They (the Roman guards) had a vested interest in being accurate coroners." (1) If they weren't accurate they could have been the next ones on the cross. This method of execution caused asphyxiation. Jesus would have already been weak from the beatings along with the execution it would have been hard to escape death. The Bible also said that he was pierced in the side with a spear. No way to escape death.
The empty tomb is also another argument that is often argued. There are many claims that can be refuted about the empty tomb, but one argument that I often bring up is that women were the ones who found the empty tomb. The reason that I use this argument is to point to the way women are still treated in Middle Eastern countries; something that I have witnessed first hand. In Groothius' fourth point of the empty tomb he also states the same claim, "All four Gospel accounts mention that women beheld the empty tomb gives this story credibility, since the witness of women in that day was held in very low regard." (2)
The appearances of Jesus was seen by many after He resurrected. Besides the Sadducees, others believed in the resurrection, but did not believe in a physical resurrection as Jesus appeared. Again, women were also witnesses of His resurrection, but there is another who would give the most historical claim of Jesus' resurrection which would be the Apostle Paul. Knowing his background as a Pharisee and his tribulation during his ministry makes his claims of great credence. He made a great claim about the resurrection in 1 Corinthians 15:1-8 in which Groothius says that, "Paul's authorship of 1 Corinthians is never disputed, even by liberal scholars who question the authorship of some of the other epistles traditionally attributed to him." (3)
All of the disciples were stuck in hiding during the crucifixion except for the Apostle John. It is my belief that they were in hiding because they were terrified that what was happening to Jesus at the time would happen to them if they were found. This is also one of my favorite arguments. I have witnessed some of the strongest men buckle when confronted with fear. They will even go as far as abandoning a mission that they once believed in especially when faced with death. I believe that the disciples were at this point. It is even evident in the Scriptures when Peter denied Christ three times. Yet, they changed direction!
The only reason that men that are filled with hopelessness to carry on their mission is to be filled with hope again. That is exactly what happened when they saw the bodily resurrection of Jesus Christ. These men spent three years with Him and when they saw Him after His resurrection there was no denying Who He was. Thomas was filled with some skepticism and even asked to see the wounds. After all evidence has been shown, spending time with Jesus, and receiving further marching orders they were revived to hope again. They were so confident of their mission at this time that they would all be martyred except for John who was exiled.
There are naturalistic "theories" of the resurrection of Jesus. Those supposedly theories are that the disciples were deceived by hallucinations, that the early church created this Christian Conspiracy, and that there was a corpse heist. (4) These claims can be refuted by a logical argument such as the tomb was guarded by skilled Roman guards. Once again, those guards were Roman soldiers and had a lot to lose by allowing the body of Jesus to be taken. The hardest argument to refute would be that Christianity is a Christian Conspiracy. The reason this would be hard to argue against is that regardless of the evidence shown others can find a way to wiggle around the Truth. Though there is no plausible reason to create a religion such as this, atheist for example can argue that Christianity was formed to "control society". Another reason this is tough because Biblical Truths, historicity of the Bible, the founding fathers, and the delicate way that the Bible was formed is not widely taught. The best way to present this argument would be to discuss how the Christian faith was founded and the historicity of the claims that were presented.
Word Count: 1256


References:


1. Douglas Groothius, Christian Apologetics: A Comprehensive Case for Biblical Truth, (Downers Grove, Illinois: Inter Varsity Press, 2011), Kindle Loc. 5866
2. Ibid., 5894.
3. Ibid., 5943
4. Ibid., 6019-6064

Example of a Curriculum Plan

Student Expectations

The purpose of the Living Victorious Classes is to instill in the student how to be an overcomer in all aspects of life so, that they can live the life that Christ has intended for them by equipping them with biblical text and an example from the Apostle Paul.

The purpose of the Living Victorious Classes can be understood in the acronym V.I.C.T.O.R:

Victorious living by the Word of God

Instill in the students that being victorious and resilient can be achieved

Choosing texts and course materials that will help the students glorify Christ by being victorious in life

Teaching the students real and biblical characters such as the Apostle Paul

Orally and visually instruct the students the teachings of biblically based resiliency

Responsibility to the students in sharing my own testimony and demonstrating resiliency in my own life

Exposures and Experiences

To teach the students resiliency and how to overcome adversity in their lives, as their teacher I find that it will be very helpful to first share why these courses are important to me and to the church.

1.      Share my testimony of how I overcome many cognitive issues of my own that was caused by a traumatic brain injury incurred by a blast injury in Iraq.

2.      Share the experiences of the Apostle Paul (1 Corinthians 4:11; 2 Corinthians 11:23-33; 12:7-10; Philippians 4:11-13)

·         Paul knew how it felt to be hungry and homeless

·         Paul knew what it felt like to be rejected by his own people

·         Paul knew what it felt like to be beaten down and near death

·         Paul knew what it felt like to live with a “thorn in the flesh” BUT,

·         Paul learn to be content, to live by the grace of God and Christ’s

3.      Why resiliency and living biblically victorious is important:

·         Christ tells us that there will be tribulations in this life and that we are to be courageous because He overcome thus, allowing us to overcome (John 16:33). The messages to the churches are also great examples.

·         Adversity in life often stems from circumstances such as marital problems, loss of a loved one, loss of a job, being overlooked for a promotion, traumatic events, etc.

·         Adversity often causes depression which has the symptoms of hopelessness, despair, and anger (psychcentral.org).

·         Many people that suffer from depression also suffer from anxiety which has the symptoms of fear, worry, panic, and anxiousness (psychcentral.org).

·         At some point all people will people will be affected with adversity, but not all people will be suffer the adverse effects of depression and anxiety.

·         It is estimated that 25-30% of people suffer from either depression and/anxiety.

·         Learning to be resilience is important because it helps Christians to become better Christ Followers

Events and Processes

The educator will use the Me, We, God, You, We approach to teaching. As stated, I will first share my testimony. I will ask the students if they have experienced any type of adversity. Turn to the Scripture, share with them what Christ said about tribulation and demonstrate what Paul suffered in his ministry. Demonstrate how adversity and resiliency applies to them (you). Finally, discuss how they could share these “truths” with others as it will help to build a stronger Kingdom on earth (The Church); a stronger Kingdom on earth is better disciples and disciple makers!

It is important that all aspects for this course is set up for the student to learn. The educator must coordinate with the facilitator (pastor) to make sure that the facility is still available on the date(s) set. The educator must also ensure that the facilitator is reminding his congregation about the course and placing a sign up roster where they can sign up. The educator must also ensure that all of the materials are written, printed out, and print out enough for each student that will be there.

Methods and Materials

Learning resiliency and to be victorious cannot just be taught with just a chalk board, projector, and handouts! It takes individual and team building exercises, self-reflection, and goal setting.

Classroom time will consist of:

·         Handouts of the material that will be covered

·         Highlights of the material will be projected

·         The educator will thoroughly cover the material so that the students grasp the material and ask plenty of questions throughout the presentations

Other than classroom time the following events will take place:

·         Individuals will do building exercises to test their mental and physical ability

·         Teams will be made to do exercises to test their abilities as a team

·         Day one homework assignment will consist of self-reflection of how the individuals usually react in particular situations and ask them to write down how they envision how they would rather react in those same situations

·         Day three assignment will consist of setting goals. Where would you like to be in one year, two years, and five years?

Scope and Sequence

The following will be the agenda that will take place during the four day course that is planned at this point:

 

Monday	Tuesday	Wednesday	Thursday
Class Introduction/ Pass Out Materials	Individual and team building exercises	Discuss depression and anxiety statistics	Ask the students if they want to share their goals and discuss the Race of Life and the Crown of Life
Share My Testimony	Talk about how Christ warned of tribulations	Discuss how adversity often leads to depression/anxiety	Discuss how Paul learned to be content, lean on God’s grace, and Christ’s strength
Lunch Break	Lunch Break	Lunch Break	Lunch Break
Discuss how our reactions affect us and others	Paul’s Tribulations	Discuss Goal Setting	Discuss the (We)! How if everyone shared this material and others gained this insight we could build a stronger Kingdom
Assign homework of reflection on their actions	How important it is to be an overcomer and be resilient	Assign homework of setting goals	Answer final questions.

 

***Notes***

Monday: We must be careful to how we react to adversity because whether we like it or not others are watching.

Tuesday: Scripture- John 16:33; 1 Corinthians 4:11; 2 Corinthians 11:23-33; 12:7-10; and briefly review what Christ said to the seven churches (To him who overcomes will give…) Revelation 2:7; 2:11; 2:17; 2:26; 3:5; 3:12; and 3:21

Friday: 2 Corinthians 12:9-10; Philippians 4:11-13 (Paul’s resiliency); Stronger and more resilient disciples would be able to build a stronger Kingdom (Peter restored John 21:15-19; Mark 16:15-18)

Summary of The Advancement Era and Solution

There are many problems with “advancement thinking”. As Bush states, “Advancement thought is like bait, attractive to the hungry fish but with a hook in it.”[1] The bait is that many of the ideas are attractive however, the hook is the loss of God. Earlier in the book Bush stated that, “Key scientist, especially in the eighteenth and ninetheenth centuries, gave up their belief in God and began to interpret the scientific data on naturalistic and materialistic assumptions.”[2] This is true because Groothius wrote, “Rodney Stark claims that the medieval Christian worldview provided a wellspring of intellectual resourcesfor the development of science, technology, and commerce.”[3] Science and technology made advancement in early medieval times due to Christian thinkers such as Newton and Galileo. When the cultural and intellectual landscape is dominated by godless “answers” for progress (or advancement) people’s itching ears are being “scratched” for an answer that they would rather go along with because it is godless. The ultimate problem is that God is left out!

Christianity can respond to this progress and advancement by placing God back in the equation. Bush wrote, “The proper worldview affirms both God and the world as existing realities, with God as the more basic of the two.”[4] It is God who made the world and the people who have the ideas that make progress possible. He made people as free agents and the things that are created can either be used for good or evil. The Christian should first point out that it was scientist and philosophers that were bleievers who were the “fathers” of modern science and philosophy as Groothuis points out. Finally, the Christian should demonstrate how todays (the advancement) technology and philosophy can be used as good and how it fails in Truth.

Of the ideas that Bush pointed out, the one that sticks out the most is that God exists. In this concept he points out: 1. The nature of the universe that exists is wholly contingent and in no sense necessary, in either form or substance, 2. Mind, rationality, and spiritual nature exist in humans (since mind does not exist in nature itself, nor is mind reducible solely to chemistry or to natural processes, and 3. The unique spiritual experiences that form the historical basis for Christian faith are real, documented, and testable through historical analysis and through personal spiritual conformational experiences.[5] These three statements are guidances that demonstrate how God’s existence can be proved, not just through logic, but through reason and proof; history. Christians must have a strong conviction of this and of God’s existence lest they fall to the “advancement” age. 2 Peter 3:17 says, “Therefore, dear friends, since you have been forewarned, be on your guard so that you may not be carried away by the error of the lawless and fall from your secure position.” So, Christians should know that the lack of God is in this progressive move (the advancement), demonstrate that how technology and philosophy can be used for good and derived from Christian roots, and should stand firm in order to not fall into the same tempatation.

Bibliography

Bush, Russ L. The Advancement: Keeping the Faith in an Evolutionary Age. Nashville, Tennessee: B&H Publishing, 2003.

Groothuis, Douglas. Christian Apologetics: A Comprehensive Case for Biblical Faith. Daowners Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 2011.

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[1] L. Russ. Bush, The Advancement: Keeping the Faith in an Evolutionary Age, (Nashville, Tennessee: B&H Publishing, 2003), 109.

[2] Bush, The Advancement, 22.

[3] Douglas Groothuis, Christian Apologetics: A Comprehensive Case for Biblical Faith, (Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 2011), Kindle Loc. 994.

[4] Bush, The Advancement, 104.

[5] Ibid. 99.

A Fallicy of Today's Preaching

 Os Guiness (1993) provides a provocative introduction to the concerns of content and curriculum selection: …it is worth pondering a New Yorker lament about what is lost in the brave, new “audience-driven” preaching of the day: “The preacher, instead of looking out upon the world, looks out upon public opinion, trying to find out what the public would like to hear. Then he tries his best to duplicate that, and bring his finished product into a marketplace in which others are trying to do the same. The public, turning to our culture to find out about the world, discovers there is nothing but its own reflection. The unexamined world, meanwhile, drifts blindly into the future.”

What the Christian Educator Should Know

Introduction

The Christian educator is not just teaching a person or ordinary education; they are making their students more like Christ. Every class or seminar that is taught, the content of the lesson should be focused heavenward to help the learner to be better disciples. While preparing the lessons are important, it is important that the student(s) will be prepared for the lesson that is being prepared. The educator should have a good knowledge of his students and where they are in their spiritual walk. This paper will discuss how to prepare lessons with the student in mind.

Disciple Making

After giving the disciples the command to “go” in the Great Commission, Jesus instructed them to make disciples and, “Teach them to observe all things that I have commanded you (NKJV).” The Great Commission was the last command that was given to the disciples from Jesus Christ. If the Lord thought that it was an important command, as one of His last commands, to make disciples and to teach them what He taught them, we should also take it serious. Teaching is an important device in making disciples and making them stronger in the faith. However, there are elements that educators should be aware of to prepare their students to learn. Preparing students is known as “readiness”. Yount describes the Law of Readiness as, “Learning proceeds best when learners are prepared to respond.”[1] Teaching would be in vein if educators was not mindful of the Law of Readiness and preparing the student(s).

Phases of Learning

Mitchell mentions Gregory’s thought on the difference of teaching and training. He states, “Training is the systematic development and cultivation of the powers of mind and body. Teaching is a systematic inculcation of knowledge.”[2] Christian educators should use the two together in preparing to teach and prepare their students to be better disciples. There are three phases in teaching that should also be considered; primary phase, secondary phase, and tertiary phase. The phases are considered within human development and the knowledge that a person can take in during each development stage. The primary phase (elementary) teaches basic knowledge and “how” to learn. The secondary phase (high school through college) builds on primary knowledge with the teaching of basic knowledge for human development such as history, mathematics, language arts, and science. The tertiary phase is college through graduate school which develops skill for professional development.

Students can certainly (and sometimes do) develop faster than other students in each of the development phases. There are rare cases when a student will “grasp” subjects faster than others and will excel faster than their peers. Pullman wrote, “Theories of development can offer explanations regarding the origins and functions of human behavior and the changes that can be anticipated as the individual moves from one period of life to another.”[3] Some “students” are exposed to education earlier in life while others are not. Some will contend that those who develop faster have a better background. Therefore, it could be suggested that education is not a “one size fits all” when it comes to students. The Law of Apperception should be understood by educators when preparing their lessons and students which is the students understanding of the subject due to prior experience.

Educators should be aware of the phases in human development when preparing their lessons. The Apostle Paul wrote in 1 Corinthians 13:11, “When I was a child, I spoke as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child; but when I became a man, I put away childish things (emphasis mine).” The Apostle Paul understood human development to things that pertain to spiritual formation. Educators need to prepare their lessons in conjunction and relevance to the audience that they are teaching. A child will not understand a lesson that is prepared for an adult.

The final word on preparing lessons geared toward the student’s preparedness and making disciples should be preparing the student for spiritual maturity. This is because the goal of Christian education is to bring maturity into the lives of Disciples of Christ. Taylor states that, “He (God) has given us the mission to mature and to equip others to do the same in Christ.”[4] The educator should prepare the students environmentally. There has been a lot of attention given to “teaching” children and youth in various environmentally locations. Adult Christian education has fell to the way side. Educators must pay close attention to their students learning activities. Youth may learn well in a classroom environment or on a youth trip, but adults may learn better in a small group with like-minded adults.

Motivation to Learn

Motivation can come in different forms for students. A student may be motivated to learn because they can relate to the person teaching or it could be that the student is motivated due to the reason that they really enjoy the subject being taught. Whether the Christian educator is teaching a child, youth, or an adult the educator should be aware of their student’s motivation. Motivation could mean whether or not the lesson being taught was in vein.

Richards and Bredfeldt state that there are two different types of motivation; extrinsic and intrinsic.[5] Extrinsic motivation comes from an external source of motivation to learn. This could be that a student is motivated by the fact that the educator teaches the subject in a way that is motivating or maybe the student will get a “reward” from learning. Intrinsic motivation is internal motivation to learn. When a student is motivated internally, they may enjoy the subject or can relate to the educator. The Christian educator should be aware of the motivations that drives their students in order to effectively teach them.

Conclusion

Christian educators follow the command in the Great Commission to teach. There are several considerations for the educator to prepare their students. Christian educators should be aware of the stages in human development, phases of learning, and the student’s motivation for learning. Without a great understanding of these elements of preparing students to learn the teaching could be vein. From youth to adult Christian education, Christian educators should spend time preparing their students while in the process of preparing their lessons.

Bibliography

Anthony, Michael J. Introducing Christian Education. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, 2001.

Richards, Lawrence O. and Bredfeldt, Gary J. Creative Bible Teaching. Chicago, Illinois: Moody Publishers, 1998.

Mitchell, Mitchell R. Leading, Teaching, and Making Disciples. Bloomington, Indiana: Cross Books, 2010.

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[1] William “Rick” Yount, Introducing Christian Education: Foundations for the Twenty-first Century, (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, 2001), Kindle Loc. 3056.

[2] Michael R. Mitchell, Leading, Teaching, and Making Disciples, (Bloomington, Indiana: Cross Books, 2010), 118.

[3] Ellery Pullman, Introducing Christian Education: Foundations for the Twenty-first Century, edited by Michael J. Anthony, (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, 2001), Kindle Loc. 1779.

[4] Nick Taylor, Introducing Christian Education, Kindle Loc. 2981.

[5] Lawrence O. Richards and Gary J. Bredfeldt, Creative Bible Teaching, (Chicago, Illinois: Moody Publishers, 1998), Kindle Loc. 4149.

Easter 2015 Sermon

Please click on the following link to watch the sermon about Jesus' Resurrection.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mju043ZE1Rk

Apologetics Approaches

I believe that there are various types of arguments and requires a well rounded knowledge of all of the apologetic methods. Groothuis states, "Each argument is like a witness in a trial, each testifies in it's own way for the truth of theism." (1) Therefore, each argument is different and thus may require a different approach. The apologist may be confronted with an argument for the cosmos and require a more scientific approach. On the other hand an apologist may be confronted with an argument for a historical basis for the "real Jesus". This would require a different type of approach.
Most professional apologists usually stay within their own "type" of approach to apologetics. There are three popular approaches which are evidentialism, presuppositionlism, and esperientialism. Evidentialist will argue for historical events. Presuppositionalist believe that they should "presuppose" (suppose beforehand) the Christian world-view with those they are talking to. Presuppositionalism is a negative approach to apologetics. Experientialism is the "feeling" of someone who has come to faith in Christ. To experientialist, God is not something (or Someone) to have knowledge about, but rather feel. Experientialist believe that knowledge about God and other theologies are too hard to grasp for the finite mind.
In Isaiah 1:18 the Lord says, "Come now, and let us reason together." Apologetics is a philosophical discipline as much as it is theistic. Apologists must be able to have a "reason for the hope" that we have; meaning we should be "defend" the faith. Oftentimes, people take for granted the mental capacity that God has given them to "defend the faith". Other times some people believe that we do not have to "defend" the faith. Often people do not see the relationship of reasoning, rational, and faith. Nonetheless, the Old Testament and the New Testament both calls for the children of God to "defend the faith" by reasoning or the use of apologetics.
While pursuing my Masters in Pastoral Counseling (also from Liberty) I became more aware of the use of science and theology together. In his introduction Entwistle states, "Weaving together perspectives from psychology and Christian theology can help us to understand and appreciate humanity more fully than we could with either perspective alone." (2) Before this I had little inclination of the use of science and theology together. I thought that they were opposed to each other. People such as Francis Bacon and Blaise Pascal were theologically oriented, but also experimented and worked in the science field. Groothuis wrote, "Other seminal scientific figures such as Isaac Newton, Johannas Keplar, and Galileo held to a theistic world-view." (3) As a matter of fact, many of the scientific advances that have been made have came from those with theistic backgrounds.
Due to my background and education I tend to be more evidential in apologetics. I grew up in a godless home and considered myself an atheist. I became a Christian at a revival almost twenty years ago yet still had answers. I further "investigated" this new faith. I went as far as getting an associates in Biblical Studies just to know more about. I guess you can say I was a backwards Lee Strobel who searched for evidence against the Christian faith, but became a Christian. As they say in Missouri, "Show Me", I needed to be shown. Some would say that I didn't have true faith however, I would disagree. I believe that I had faith just as Thomas did, but the more I saw, the more I could say, "My Lord, My God." Due to my background I will have more discussions with atheist than I do with any other group. Just as I journeyed, I also take atheist on a journey of evidence and "proof" for the faith.
References
Douglas Groothuis, Christian Apologetics: A Comprehensive Case for Biblical Faith, (Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 2011), Kindle Loc. 1796.
David N. Entwistle, Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity, (Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books, 2010), 3.
Groothuis, Christian Apologetics, Kindle Loc. 1003.

Faith and Reason

Faith and reason in the apologetics go hand in hand. There can not be a good argument (reason) for Christianity without a deep rooted faith in Christ. Beilby wrote, "The goal of apologetics is to offer sound reasons to believe the Christian faith, reasons that (1) accurately represent the gospel of Jesus of Christ, (2) are presented in a Christlike manner, (3) address our interlocutor's questions and current disposition, and (4) help the interlocutor move from a position of basic mistrust (of God, Christianity, etc.) to a position of basic trust." (1) A good argument would have at its foundation the "want" for the interlocutor to come to a saving faith in Christ. Without a true faith and a true love for other as Christ (Christlike manner) apologetics can be reasoned.
Some would say that Groothuis had an eclectic approach to apologetics. From reading the book thus far, he seems to lean more to presuppositionalist, but he does have a well rounded approach to apologetics. As I read through the discussions it seems that everyone has the same idea that apologists need to have a well rounded approach to apologetics; I also agree with this. There are so many different views in our current culture that it would be difficult to make a good case staying with one method of apologetics. The one method approach would be more for the professional that defends against one "world view". For the rest of us we need to have a great knowledge of all of the approaches to properly defend the faith and the hope we have in the culture that we journey through.


References
James K. Beilby, Thinking About Christian Apologetics: What it is and Why We Do it, (Downers Grove, Illinois: Intervarsity Press, 2011), 24.